Список литературы.

1. Боголепов Н.К.. Коматозные состояния. М. Госуд. Изд. Мед. Лит. 1962 - 273с.
2. Верещагин Н.В., Брагина Л.К., Вавилов С.Б., Левина Г.Я. Компьютерная томография головного мозга. М. Медицина. 1986 – 256c.
3. Власенко А.В. Острое паренхиматозное поражение легких у больных с черепно-мозговой травмой, после гемотрансфузий и аспирационного синдрома (обзор литературы) // Новости науки и техню Сер. Мед. Вып. Реаниматология. Интенсивная терапия. Анестезиология / ВИНИТИ – 2003. - № 2. – С. 3-12.
4. Власов В.В. Введение в доказательную медицину. М. Медиа Сфера. 2001 – 392 с.
5. Гланц С. Медико-биологическая статистика. М. Практика. 1999. – 459 с.
6. Клиническое руководство по черепно–мозговой травме // Под ред. Коновалова А.Н., Лихтермана Л.Б., Потапова А.А. М. Антидор. – 1998. – Т.1, 2, 3.
7. Коновалов А.Н., Самотокин Б.А., Васин Н.Я., Лихтерман Б.Л., Потапов А.А. Клиническая классификация острой черепно-мозговой травмы // Клиническое руководство по черепно–мозговой травме / Под ред. Коновалова А.Н., Лихтермана Л.Б., Потапова А.А. М. Антидор. – 1998. – Т.1. – С. 54.
8. Корниенко В.Н., Васин Н.Я., Кузьменко В.А. Компьютерная томография в диагностике черепно-мозговой травмы. М. Медицина. 1987 – 288с.
9. Кушаковский М.С. Аритмии сердца. СПб. Гиппократ. 1992. – 544с.
10. Лебедев В.В., Крылов В.В. Неотложная нейрохирургия: Руководство для врачей. М. Медицина. 2000 – 568c.
11. Лебедев В.В., Крылов В.В. Оружейные черепно-мозговые ранения мирного времени. М. Медицина. 2001.- 328 с.
12. Плам Ф., Познер Д.Б. Диагностика ступора и комы. М. Медицина. 1986. – 544 с.
13. Шахнович А.Р., Шахнович В.А. Диагностика нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Транскраниальная допплерография. М. Ассоциация книгоиздателей. 1996 – 446с.
14. Шурыгин И.А. Мониторинг дыхания. СПб. Невский диалект. 2000 – 391с.
15. Цыбуляк Г.Н. Лечение тяжелых и сочетанных повреждений. СПб. 1997 – 432с.
16. Флетчер Ф., Флетчер С., Вагнер Э. Клиническая эпидемиология. Основы доказательной медицины. М. Медиа Сфера. 1998. – 352 с.
17. Alejandria M.M., Lansang M.A., Dans L.F., Mantaring J.B.V. Intravenous immunoglobulin for treating sepsis and septic shock (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002.
18. Bergman D., Bonten M., Gaillard C., Paling J. et al. Prevention of ventilator-assotiated pneumonia by oral decontamination // Amer. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med.- 2001. – Vol. 164. – P. 382-388.
19. Block C.A., Manning H.L. Prevention of acute renal failure in the critically ill // Amer. J. Resp. Care Med. – 2002. – Vol. 165. – P. 320-324.
20. Bower R. Nutrition during critical illness and sepsis // New Horizons – 1993. – Vol. 2. – P. 348-352.
21. Braakman R., Scouten H.J.A., van Dishoeck M.B. et al. Megadose steroids in severe head injury: Results of a prospective double-blind clical trial // J. Neurosurg.- 1983.- Vol. 58. – P. 326-330.
22. Bricolo A., Formenton A., Turella G., et al. Clinical and EEG effects of mechanical hyperventilation in acute traumatic coma // Eur. Neurol. - 1972.- Vol. 8.- P. 219-224.
23. Cairns C., Grant I.S. Cardiac and pulmonary complications of subarachnoid haemorrhage: pathohysiology, diagnosis and management // Internat.J. Intes. Care . – 2003.- Vol. 10. – p. 109-118.
24. Chambers I.R., Mendelow A.D. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis applied to CPP, ICP and outcome in severy head injured patients // Intracranial Pressure IX / Eds H. Nagai et al.- Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.- P. 64-67.
25. Chan K.H., Deardon N.M., Miller J. D. Multimodality monitoring as a guide in treatment intracranial hypertension after severe head injury // Neurosurgery. – 1993. – Vol. 32. – P. 547 – 553.
26. Chan K.H., Miller D.J., Dearden M. et al. The effect of changes in cerebral perfusion pressure upon middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity and jugular bulb venous oxygen saturation after severe brain trauma // J. Neurosurg. - 1992.-Vol. 77.- P. 55-61.
27. Chesnut R.M. Intracranial pressure in 1998 // Eur. J. Anesth.- 1998:- Vol. 15- Suppl. 17.- P. 57-59.
28. Chesnut R.M., Marshall L.F. Management of severe head injury // Neurological & Neurosurgical intensive care / Ed A.H. Ropper.- New York: Raven Press, 1993.- P. 203-246.
29. Choi P.T-L., Yip G., Quinonez L.G., Cook D.J. Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resusitation: A systematic review // Crit Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 27. – P.200-210.
30. Clifton G.L., Miller E.R., Levin H.S. et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury // N. Engl. J. Med. – 2001. – Vol. 44. – P. 556 – 563.
31. Cold E.G., Dhal B.L. Topics in neuroanaesthesia and neurointensive care. Berlin, Helderberg, New York: Springer-Verlag. – 2002. – pp. 416.
32. Connolly A.B., Vernon D.R. Manipulation of the metabolic response for management of patients with severe surgical illness: review // World J. Surg. – 2000. – Vol. 24. – P. 696-704.
33. Cooper P.R., Moody S., Clark W.K. et al. Dexametasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study // J. Neurosurg.- 1979.- Vol. 51.- P. 307-316.
34. Craven D.E., Steger K.A. Epidemiology of nosocomial pneumonia: new perspectives on an old desease // Chest. - 1995. - Vol.108. - Suppl. 1S - 16S.
35. CRASH trial colloborators. Effect of intavenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial // Lancet 364: 1321-28, 2004.
36. Cruz J. The first decade of continuous monitoring of jugular bulb oxyhemoglobin saturation: Management strategies and clinical outcome // Crit. Care Med.- 1998.- Vol. 26.- P. 344-351.
37. Darby J.M., Yonas H., Marion D.W. et al. Local «inverse steal» induced by hyperventilation in head inyury // Neurosurgery. - 1988.- Vol. 23.- P. 84-88.
38. DeWitt D.S., Jenkins L.W., Prough D.S. Enhanced vulnerability to secondary ischemic insults after experimental traumatic brain injury // New Horizons. – 1995.- Vol. 3.- P. 376-383.
39. Epstein A.E., Bigger J.T., Wyse B.J. et al. Preliminary report: Effect of encainid and flecainid on mortality in a randomized suppression after myocardial infarction // N. Engl. J. Med.– 1989.– Vol. 321.– P. 406-412.
40. Ferguson N.D., Stewart T.E., Etchells E.E. Human albumin administration in critically ill patients // Int. Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 25. – P. 323-325.
41. Friedman Y., Mizock B.A. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy: Procedure of choice or choice of procedure // Crit. Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 76. – P. 1684-1685.
42. Fulton R., Jones C. The cause of posttraumatic pulmanary insufficiency in man // Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. – 1975. – Vol. 140. – P. 179-184.
43. Galbán C., Montejo J.C., Mesejo A. et al. An immune-enhancing enteral diet reduces mortality rate and episodes of bacteriemia in septic intensive care patients // Crit.Care Med. – 2000. – Vol.28. – P. 643–648.
44. Galicich J.H., French L.A. Use of dexamethasone in the treatment of cerebral edema resulting from brain tumors and brain surgery // Amer. Pract.- 1961.- Vol. 12.- P. 169-174.
45. Gattinoni L., Tognoni G., Brazzi L., Latini R. Ventilation in the prone position. The Prone-Supine Study Colloborative Group // Lancet. 1997. – Vol. 350. – P. 815.
46. Genteleman D. Causes and effects of systemic complications among severely head injured patients transferred to a neurosurgical unit // Int. Surg.- 1992.- Vol. 77.-P. 297-302.
47. Gianotta S.L., Weiss M.N., Apuzzo M.L.J. et al. High-dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury // Neurosurgery.- 1984.- Vol. 15. – P. 497-501.
48. Ginz H.F., Gottshall V., Schwarzkopf G., Walter K. Exzessive Gewebespeicherung von Kolloiden im retikuloendothelialen System // Anaesthesist. – 1998. - Vol. 47. – 330 – 334.
49. Gopinath S.P., Robertson C.S., Contant C.F., et al. Jugular venous desaturation and outcome after outcome after head injury // J. Neurosurg. - 1994.- Vol. 57.- P. 717-723.
50. Grände P.O., Nordström C.-H. Treatment of increased ICP in severe head-injured patients // Pathophysiological principles and controversies in neurointensive care / Ed K. von Wild.- Műnchen, Zuckschwerdt Verlag, 1998.- P. 123-128.
51. Hayek D.A., Veremakis C. Physiologic concerns during brain resuscitation // Critical Care, ed. 2 / Eds J.M. Civeth et al. – Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992.- P. 1449-1466.
52. Hariri R.J., Ghajar J.B.G. The pathophysiologic basis for the management of traumatic brain injury // Surgical intensive care / Ed P.S. Barrie, G.T. Shires. – Boston, Toronto, London: Little, Brown and Company, 1993. – P.1193-1230.
53. Healy D.P. New and emerging therapies for sepsis // Ann. Pharmacother. – 2002. – Vol. 36. – P. 648-654.
54. Hebert P.C., Wells G., Blajchman M.A. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirement in Critical Care Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group // N Engl J Med - 1999. – Vol. 340. – P. 409-417.
55. Heulitt M.J. Patient interactive ventilation // Internat. J. Intens. Care 2003. – Vol. 10. – P. 101-108.
56. Holzapfel L., Chastang C., Demingeon G., et al. A randomized study assesing the systematic search for maxillary sinusitis in nasotrachelly mechanically ventilated patients // Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 159. – P. 695-701.
57. Hsiang J.K., Chestnut R.M., Crisp C.B. et al. Early, routine paralysis for intracranial pressure control in severe head injury: Is it necessary? // Crit. Care Med.- 1994.- Vol. 22.- P. 1471-1476.
58. Jaeger A. de, Litalien C., Lacroix J., et al. Protected specimen brush or bronchoalveolar lavage to diagnose bacterial nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated adults: a meta-analysis // Crit. Care Med. . – 1999. – Vol. 27. – P. 2548-2560.
59. Jennet B. Historical perspective on head injury // Neurotrauma / Eds Narayan R.K., Wilberger J.E., Povlishock J.T. – New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996, P.3-11.
60. Kanji S., Devlin J.W. Piekos K.A., Racine E. Recombinant human activated protein C, drotrecogin alfa (activated): A novel therapy for severe sepsis // Pharmacotherapy. – 2001. - Vol. 21 – P. 1389 -1402.
61. Kassel N.F., Baumann K.W., Hitchon P.W. et al. The effect of high dose mannitol on cerebral blood flow in dogs with normal intracranial pressure // Stroke. - 1982.- Vol. 13.- P. 59-61.
62. Kellie G. An account of the appearances observed in the dissection of two of the three individuals presumed to have perished in the storm, of the 3rd, and whose bodies were discovered in the vicinity of Leith on the morning of the 4th November 1821 with some reflections on the pathology // Trans. Med. Chir. Sci. Edinburg.- 1824.- Vol. 1.- P. 84-169.
63. Kellum J.A., Decker J.M. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis // Crit.Care. Med. – 2001. – Vol. 29. – P. 1526-1531.
64. Kerr M.E., Weber B.B., Sereika S.M. et al. Effect of endotracheal suctioning on cerebral oxygenation in traumatic brain-injured patients // Crit Care Med. – 1999. – Vol. 27. – P. 2776-2781.
65. Kety S.S., Schmidt C.F. The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men // J. Clin. Invest. - 1948. - Vol. 27.- P. 484-492.
66. Kuschinsky W., Paulson O.B. Capillary circulation in the brain // Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. – 1992. – Vol. 4. – P. 261-268.
67. Lam A.M., Winn H.R, Cullen B.F. et al. Hyperglycemia and neurogical outcome in patiets with head injury // J. Neurosurg. - 1991.- Vol. 75.- P. 545-551.
68. Lang E.W. Management of CPP/ICP: the CPP targeted approach // Eur. J. Anesth.- 1998.- Vol. 15.- Suppl. 17. - P. 41-42.
69. Langfitt T.W., Kassel N.F. Acute brain swelling in neurosurgical patients // J. Neurosurg.- 1966.- Vol. 24.- P. 975-983.
70. Lanier W.L., Strangland K.J., Scheithauer B.W. et al. The effects of dextrose infusion and head position on neurologic outcome after complete cerebral ischemia in primates // Anesthesiology.- 1987.- Vol. 66.- P. 39-48.
71. Lassen N.A., Palvolgyi R. Cerebral steal during hypercarbia and the inverse reaction during hypocapnea observed by the 133 xenon technique in man // Scaтd. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. – 1968.- Vol. 102.- Sect. XIII.-D.
72. Lopez A., Lorente J.A., Steingrub et al. // Multiple-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 546C88: effect on survival in patients with septic shock. - Crit. Care Med. - 2004. - Vol. 32. - Р. 21-30.
73. Lundberg N., Kjallquist A., Bien C. Reduction of increased intracranial pressure by hyperventilation // Acta Psychiatr. Scand. - 1959.- Vol. 34.- P.4-64.
74. MacIver I.N., Frew J.C., Matheson J.G. The role of respiratory insufficiency in the mortality of severe head trauma // Lancet. - 1958. – Vol.1. - P.390.
75. Manaka S.Cooperative prospective study on posttraumatic epilepsy: Risk factors and the effect of prophylactic anticonvulsant // Japan. J. Psych. Neurol. 1992. – Vol.46. – P. 311-315.
76. Mangialalargi R.J. and Bernard G.R. Desighning the perfect trial in ARDS and ALI //Acute Lung Injury. / Ed. Marini J.J., Evans T.W. – Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg - 1998. – P. 420-429
77. Marini J.J., Wheeler A.P. Critical Care Medicine: the essentials, ed.2. – Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1997. - 640 pp.
78. Marion D.W., Bouma G.J. The use of stable xenon-enhanced computed tomografic studies of cerebral blood flow to define changes in cerebral carbon dioxide vasoresponsivity caused by a severe head injury // Neurosurgery. – 1991- Vol. 75. – P. 731-739.
79. Marmarou A, Anderson RL, Ward JD, et al. Impact of ICP instability and hypotension on outcome in patients with severe head trauma // J Neurosurg. - 1991. – Vol. 75. – P. 59- 66.
80. Martin M.M. Nosocomial infections in intensive care units: an overview of their epidemiology, outcome, and prevention // // New Horizons – 1993. – Vol. 1. – P. 162-171.
81. McGrath B.J., Matjasko M.J. Anesthesia and head trauma // New Horizons – 1995. – Vol. 3. – P. 523-533.
82. McGuire G., Crossley D., Richards J. Effects of varying levels of positive end-expiratory pressure on intacranial pressure and cerebral perfussion pressure // Crit. Care Med. – 1997. – Vol. 25. – P. 1059-1062.
83. McQueen J.K., Blackwood D.H.R., Harris P. et al. Low risk of late post-traumatic seizures following severe head injury: Implications for clinical trials of prophylaxis // J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. – 1983. – Vol. 46. – P. 899-904.
84. Meixensberger J., Baunach S., Amschler I. et al. Influence of body position on tissue- pO2 – Cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure in patients with acute brain injury // Neurolog. Res. - 1997. – Vol.19. – P.249-253.
85. Meixensberger J., Jäger A., Dings J. et al. Quality and therapeutic advances in multimodality neuromonitoring following head injury // Severe head injuries / Eds B.L. Bauer, T.J. Kuhn. - 1997. – P. 99-108.
86. Menzel M., Doppenberg E., Zauner A., et al. Increased inspired oxygen concentration as a factor in improved brain tissue oxygenation and tissue lactate levels after severe human head tauma // J. Neurosurg. 1999. – Vol. 91. – P. 1-10.
87. Miller J.D., Butterworth J.F., Gudeman S.K. et al. Further experience in the management of severe head injury // J. Neurosurg. – 1981. – Vol. 54. - P. 289-299.
88. Miyagawa C.I. Aminoglycosides in the intensive care unit: an old drug in a dynamic environment // New Horizons – 1993. – Vol. 2. – P. 172-180.
89. Monro A. Observations on the structure and function of the Nervous System. - Edinburg, Creech & Johnson. – 1783. - P.5.
90. Muizelaar J.P., Marmarou A., Ward J.D. et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: A randomized clinical trial // J. Neurosurg. – 1991. – Vol. 75. – P. 731-739.
91. Nam D.D., Su F., Yachimi-Idrissi S. et al. Impact of the duration of cerebral haemodynamics // Intensive Care Med. - 2003 . - Vol. 29. - Suppl. 1. - P. S199.
92. Neurotrauma / Eds Narayan R.K., Wilberger J.E., Povlishock J.T. – New York, McGraw-Hill, 1996, 1558 pp.
93. O’Keefe G.E., Gentilello L.M., Maier R.V. Incidence of infectious complications assotiated with the use of histamine 2-receptor antagonists in critically ill trauma patients // Ann. Surg. – 1998. – Vol. 227. – P. 120-125.
94. Pitts L.H., Wagner F.C. Craniospinal Trauma // Trauma Management 5 / Eds F.W. Blaisdell, D.D. Trunkey. - New York: Thieme Verlag, 1990. – P.104-105.
95. Polderman K.H., Tjong Tjin J.R., Peederman S.M. et al. Effects of artificially induced hypothermia on intracranial pressure and outcome in patients with severe traumatic head injury // Intensive Care med. – 2002. – Vol. 28. – P. 1563–1567.
96. Putensen C., Wrigge H. New modes of mechanical ventilation // Intens. Care Med. – 1998. – Vol. 24. – P. 1341-1342.
97. Ranieri V.M., Tortorella C., Grasso S. Pressure-volume relationship in the injured lung //Acute Lung Injury / Ed. Marini J.J., Evans T.W. –Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag - 1998. – P. 213-235.
98. Roberts P.R. Nutrition in the head-injured patient // New Horizons – 1995. – Vol. 2 . – P. 506-517.
99. Rosner M.J., Rosner S.D., Johnson A.H. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results // J. Neurosurg. - 1992. - Vol. 83.- P. 949-962.
100. Saint S., Savel R.H., Matthay A. Enhancing the safety of critically ill patients by reducing urinary and central venous catheter-related infections // Amer. J. Resp. Care Med. – 2002. – Vol. 165. – P.1475-1478.
101. Salvant J.B., Muizelaar J.P. Changes in cerebral blood flow and metabolism related to the presence of subdural hematoma // Neurosurgery. - 1993.- Vol. 33.- P. 387-393.
102. Saul T.G., Ducker T.B., Salcman M. et al. Steroids in severe head injury. A prospective randomized clinical trial // J. Neurosurg. - 1981. - Vol. 54.- P. 596-600.
103. Sayfan J., Galili O. Laparoscopy in abdominal trauma // Eur.J.Emerg. Surg and Intensive Care. 1997.- Vol. 20.- P. 136-140.
104. Shoemaker W.C., Appel P.L., Kram H.B. et al. Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high-risk surgical patients // Chest. -1988. - Vol. 94.- P. 1176-1186.
105. Slutsky A.S. ACCP consensus conference. Mechanical ventilation. // Chest. – 1993. – Vol. 104. – P. 1833-1859.
106. Suter P.M., Ricou B. Cytokines and Lung Injury //Acute Lung Injury. / Ed. Marini J.J., Evans T.W. – Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998. – P. 41-53.Teasdale G. A randomized trial of nimodipine in severe head injury: HIT 1 // J. Neurotrauma. – 1991. – Vol. 37. – P. S545-S550.
107. Tomassino C. What about IV fluid? // Eur. J. Anaest. – 2000. – Vol. 17. – Suppl. 18. – P. 102-113.
108. Torreman M., Heininger K., Armah B., Kuebler J. An exploratory analysis of the impact of pretreatment values of intracranial pressure, arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure on outcome in patients with traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between nimodipine and placebo // Symp. on Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring in Brain Injury. - Williamsburg, Virginia, 1997. – P. O-10-61.
109. Verwaest C., Verhaegen J., Ferdinande P. et al. Randomized, controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination in 600 mechanically ventilated patients in multidisciplinary intensive care unit // Crit. Care Med. – 1997. – Vol. 25. – P. – 63-71.
110. Watson D., Grover R., Anzueto A. et al. Cardiovascular effects of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88) in patients with septic shock: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study (study no. 144-002) // Crit. Care Med. - 2004. - Vol. 32. - Р. 13-20.
111. Whitley J.M., Prough D.S., Brouckschmidt J.K. et al. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of fluid resuscitation in the presence of an experimental intracranial mass // Surgery. – 1991. – Vol. 110. – P. 514-522.
112. Wilberger J.E., Cantella D. High-dose barbiturates for intracranial pressure control // New Horizons – 1995. – Vol. 3. – P. 469–473.
113. Williams A., Coyne S.M. Effects of neck position on intracranial pressure // Amer. J. Crit. Care. – 1993. –Vol. 2. – P. 68-71.
114. Wilson D.F., Pastuszko A., Schneiderman R. et al. Effect of hyperventilation on oxygenation of the brain cortex of neonates // Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. – 1992. – Vol. 316. – P. 341-346.
115. Zaloga G.P., Kirby R.R., Bernards W.C., Layon A.J. Fluid and electrolytes // Critical Care / Ed. Civetta J.M., Taylor R.W., Kirby R.R. - Lippincott – Raven: Philadelphia, New York, 1997. – P. 413- 442.